isolation), feel that they have less to offer society (generativity vs. role confusion), become increasingly isolated (intimacy vs. inferiority) lose a sense of identity as they become dependent on others (identity vs. guilt), feel less competent compared with others (industry vs. mistrust), feel more guilt about not having the abilities to do what they once did (initiative vs. For example, an older adult may become mistrustful (trust vs. During the ninth stage, Erikson argues that the dystonic, or less desirable outcome, comes to take precedence again. trust is more desirable than mistrust and integrity is more desirable than despair). In the first eight stages, all of the conflicts are presented in a syntonic-dystonic matter, meaning that the first term listed in the conflict is the positive, sought-after achievement and the second term is the less-desirable goal (ie. After Erik Erikson passed away in 1994, Joan published a chapter on the ninth stage of development, in which she proposed (from her own experiences and Erik’s notes) that older adults revisit the previous eight stages and deal with the previous conflicts in new ways, as they cope with the physical and social changes of growing old. In the Erikson’s older years, they re-examined the eight stages and created additional thoughts about how development evolves during a person’s 80s and 90s. If a person see’s their life as unproductive, or feel that they did not accomplish their life goals, they may become dissatisfied with life and develop what Erikson calls despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness. This stage can occur out of the sequence when an individual feels they are near the end of their life (such as when receiving a terminal disease diagnosis).Įrikson collaborate with his wife, Joan, through much of his work on psychosocial development. According to Erikson, this is the goal during this stage of life. Ideally, however, integrity does not stop here, but rather continues to evolve into the virtue of wisdom. Thus, persons derive a sense of meaning (i.e., integrity) through careful review of how their lives have been lived (Krause, 2012). For he knows that an individual life is the accidental coincidence of but one life cycle within but one segment of history and that for him all human integrity stands and falls with the one style of integrity of which he partakes.” (Erikson, 1959/1980, p. “The possessor of integrity is ready to defend the dignity of his own lifestyle against all physical and economic treats. As well as this this theory states that if older people withdraw themselves from society then it means that they can pass on their knowledge to the younger generation so that when they die society is able to carry on functioning.\) By gradually withdrawing themselves from society will mean that society can keep its balance and allows the person to reflect on themselves without having to think about what their role in society is. The theory states that if this happens then it will benefit both older people and the social system. This theory assumes that as you grow older you will begin to withdraw yourself from society and only keep contact with close friends and family. By keeping active it assumes that it will help the person replace the roles that they used to have before they retired and resist the stereotypes of older people that have been assumed by society. By keeping yourself both physically and mentally challenge will increase feelings of pleasure. It includes doing activities that challenge them both physically and mentally to help keep them emotionally healthy and less likely to develop mental health disorders related to aging e.g. It assumes that a person will age “successfully” if they keep up with social interactions and the quality of life for the person will improve or stay the same as what is was when they were younger/working. It states that older people are happiest when they keep active.
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